Communication in Organisations - Free Essay Example

Communication can be classified or defined as a two way process of reaching mutual understanding in which participants not only exchange information but also share and create meaning in the information which is being sent (BusinessDictionary.com (2013)).Sehgal and Khetarpla (2006;2) Defines it as the ability to convey opinions ,feelings ,body language or signs .Communication is not only concerned with letters or a mere phone call it is mostly concerned the fact that whatever message is sent is clearly understood by both the sender and the receiver of the message where the contents of are clear and not jargon or any technical language, this can be termed as effective communication It is important to note that there is no substitute to communication thus with this it is essential to note that communication is an important aspect in a business organization and an organisation cannot afford to communicate. However communication is not always effective at all times, it is not al ways a smooth process this is because contrary to the major components of the communication process is the existence of barriers that hinder effective communication. A barrier or barriers to communication are those obstacles, situations, conditions or factors that prevent or hinder an effective process of communicating. Lahman and Dufrane (2010). Brounstien, Bell and Smith (2010) define a barrier as anything that prevents your audience from understanding your message as a barrier to effective communication To start with there are organisational barriers to communication and these are barriers that arise due to the structure of the organization. These barriers arise in an organization due to say distance among employees with respect to their different functional tasks and with respect to their department that may be found within an organization for example the accounting department, sales department and other departments. Departmentalization can be a barrier in that a message shou ld follow a certain route and cannot be passed directly and that can disturb the flow of the message .Hopkins L (2002-2011) If in an organization there is weak delivery of a message whether the message is coming from top management, departmental or even any employee .As long as this message does not have meaning and punch it is not reach its destination whether it is very important, impressive or even sad it is not understood because of poor delivery . Sehgal and Khetarpla (2006) Still under organization barriers to communication, organizational barriers may arise due to a distracting environment in which the message is being conveyed in. For example workers are assembled by the directors for a very important announcement were in the process half the employees cannot understand or cannot hear clearly they start talking among themselves and this creates a distraction in the communication process or in the process of receiving the message the employees cell phones keep on ringin g during the delivery of the message and this would also cause distractions. (Safari books online (08/10/2013)) In some organizations communication is barred by the fact that the wrong medium to convey the message is used for example a message meant for a department of say maybe 200 plus employees and such a message is sent to one of the employees via email and the assumption is that the message will be conveyed to all, in this case a notice on the notice board would have been more effective. It however is not always the case that message will reach everyone thus use of a wrong medium in the communication process can be a barrier to effective communication. (Hopkin (2002-2011)) All the above mentioned fall under organizational barriers to effective communication and other organizational barriers to communication include passing a message to the wrong audience, sending a mixed message, use of the wrong medium to convey the message The second classification of barriers to com munication is the physical barriers where Sehgal and Khetarpla (2006) referred this to be the channel and media barrier. Effective communication can be disrupted or hindered by the existence of distance within the organization (between sender and receiver) for example in the case where employees are located in different areas of the workplace building were one is in the 2nd floor of the building and the other in the 3rd floor one may be reluctant to pass on the message or were workers are situated at different sites altogether this distance can hinder the process of sending and receiving of messages ( Sehgal and Khetarpla (2006)) Environmental conditions can also act as a physical barrier in communication under this aspect we talk about whether the place where the message is being conveyed is conducive for one to concentrate and clearly receive the message without any distraction, for example in a cold room the message receivers will concentrate on keeping themselves warm rather than that message which is being conveyed to them but because the room is cold they do not receive the message and this becomes a physical barrier to effective communication (TyroCity.com (2013)) Sehgal and Khetarpla (2006; 93) explain that another barrier under physical barriers to effective communication can be channel and media where, media refers to the instrument or way of communicating for example word of mouth or letter or email . In an organization were messages are passed hieratically there is a possibility that the message can be altered or cannot even reach its desired destination hence when the message is received it will be possessing a different meaning from the one intended when the message was originally passed Sehgal and Khetarpla (2006; 93) go on point out that it is also important to note that also the media used in passing the message could be probably face to face ,phone call , a letter ,or an email and these all posses certain disadvantages or factors tha t might hinder the message to reach it destination (receiver) .some of the information might not be clearly understood or might be altered or might be missing a certain aspect for example a notice from a manger reads à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The meeting has not been scheduled for the 27 of marchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  then in the email to employees who are supposed to attend the meeting receive an email reading à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The meeting has been scheduled for the 27 of marchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  that on its own means a wrong message has been sent to the receiver thus the receiver has the wrong message hence use of the wrong media of communication is a barrier to effective communication Noise being any disturbance which occurs in the sending of the message from the sender to receiver .That is in a face to face conversation where a microphone is not present or any other device that can be used to convey sound the air can be disturbed by noise of probably traffic passing by ,cell phones ringing or a gro up of ladies having tea giggling and chatting could hinder communication as this could create a noise this also includes other factors which can disrupt communication which are referred to as noise .Noise is also a physical barrier to effective communication (About.com (2013)) Lastly on the aspect of physical barriers to communication is the number of links in the chain of communication .The number of links between the sender and ultimate receiver if larger the more likely is there a problem of a communication breakdown. The larger the link the less accurate the message is for example one whispers into anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ear and this continues say to twenty more people it is most likely that the last person to receive the message, if he is to state out aloud the message will be noted that it will be in possession of additions and subtraction to it and would be different to the original message .Liraz (08/10/2013). The third class of barriers to communication is Cultura l barriers to communication .Culture according Farlex (07/10/2013) it is the totality of socially transmitted behaviour patterns ,arts ,beliefs institutions and all other products of human work and though some differences in culture may be national characters ,language ,values ,and norm of behaviour ,concept of time and space only to mention a few. With this aspect, in a business organization there is an integration of cultures in one organization and this can be a barrier in an organization for example the managing director of Zappa Chips is a woman she has just come up with a brilliant new product idea but in her culture women a forbidden to voice up in the presence of male counterparts this can be a barrier to communication or maybe say in her culture she is only allowed to relate to other males thought her husband that also can be a communication problem between her and other male within the organization she is operating in (Buzzle.com (2002-2012)) At times being from differe nt religious groups or castes can act as a barrier to communication on a personal or professional level. Some individuals might feel uncomfortable communicating with people from other religions because of certain doctrines that are taught and are present in different religious groups. Religious views greatly influence the ways in which one thinks and reacts to different situations (Buzzle.com (2002-2012)) Still under cultural barriers to effective communication it is essential to identify that there are behaviour constraints, this is that every culture has its own rule that govern them and guard them resulting in there, there are ways in which one individual should conduct himself /herself for example in some cultures looking at someone direct in the eye while they are talking is rude or in others the distance between the people who are talking is also important and all these cultural aspects can affect a conversation resulting in the message not being clearly understood (Boundle ss.com(08/10/2013)) According to Sehgal and Khetarpla (2006) sematic barriers can exist in the communication process .Sematic refers to the science of meaning .Sematic barriers to communication are basically all about coding and decoding the message where in the process there can be disturbances or disruptions in understanding the meaning of information and wording that is found in the message Sehgal and Khetarpla (2006) go on to explain that sematic can be found in the message where words with various meaning having the same pronunciation are used in a message for example the English word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“round à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  it has ten (10) plus meanings and in the event that it is used the receiver would interpret in a way he or she best understands the word ,in the event that it is interpreted wrong it becomes a problem as communication has been barred due to misunderstanding of a certain word .Other words like this are flat, watch, book and other Sematic barriers may a lso encompass a badly expressed message where an unclarified and precise message result in a badly expressed message, awkward and meaningless message as well as jargons are common problems. This might lead to the wrong message being delivered and this might lead to the receiver interpreting it in his or her own way. Business environment cannot avoid the personal element in communication that is emotionally how certain individuals will emotionally take some messages as with a message some might be happy, some might feel offended. Emotional barriers to communication are a category of barriers to communication that are characterised by suspicion, mistrust and fear. These may be a problem in that, too much of these may hinder communication as one is not comfortable communicating under these constrains (https://science.blurtit.com/98677/what-are-emotional-barriers-in-communication) People can get offended while some smile to the same message, while others can develop a strong emoti onal attachment .It all depends on how certain individuals react to certain individual but the message can be disturbed due to emotional weather even though at times that can be a serious barrier to effective communication However these barriers to communication being present does not mean that one cannot overcome these barriers where Sehgal and Khetarpla (2006) state that barriers can be overcome if sufficient effort is put and not only sufficient but also constant effort is required to overcome these barriers for communication to be effective and efficient To overcome some of these barriers in an organisation there is need for coordination between superior and subordinate. In case the two have different mind sets coordination would bring them to one mind and hence there will be effective communication among them (Your article library (07/10/2013)) Also by identifying the types of communication that work particularly well. For example, after a sending a personal note, youà ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve noticed that an employee or client seems warmer to you, or more engaged. This would result in effective communication if the sender critically identifies the communication type that best suits the receiver as well as ensures the message is received Triphati and Bahera (2009) Concurrent feedback upon receiving a message could combat the possibility of a barrier arising that is as soon as the message is received the receiver comments on the message to get clarity from the sender in that he is ensured full understanding of the message(Your article library (07/10/2013)) According to Sehgal and Khetarpla (2006) to overcome sematic barriers, senders of messages or a message should avoid using jargon and or professional short hand with the assumption that everyone is liable to understanding them. The sender should also give clarity when words with over three (3) meanings are used. Other ways to overcome barriers to effective communication include, proper commun ication channels, right feedback, proper division of labour, proper organizational policies concerning communication and avoiding the use of technical languages and many other formulas In conclusion barriers to communication are present in every day communication but one can easily overcome them if there is sufficient efforts to do so

Keeping Foster Parents And Kinship Parents - 892 Words

KEEP Keeping Foster Parents and Kinship Parents Supported (KEEP) was established in 1996 and was formed out of a family based alternative program for teenagers with chronic delinquency and mental health problems called Treatment Foster Care Oregon (TFCO). (keepfostering.org) The program was developed by Patty Chamberlain and Oregon Social Learning Center. (cofcca). KEEP serves foster and kinship parents and their foster children aged five to twelve years old. Needs Addressed KEEP encourages foster and kinship parents to use effective parent management strategies to modify their children’s behavior for a positive outcome, the program also increases parenting skills that will help with behavior and emotional difficulties. (Effects of a foster parent) Child behavior problems significantly contribute to placements changes. This will increase positive permanency outcomes and decrease placement disruptions. (Chapinhill) Overall this program will address the needs of managing children’s behavior, develop parenting skills which will lessen parental stress, address placement disruptions which will address permanency issues. Description The KEEP program is a sixteen week program attended once a week for ninety minutes. Classes are presented by caseworkers to groups of eight to ten parents. Facilitator’s are trained and supervised to skillfully implement the program.(keepfostering.com) The objective of the KEEP program is to give parents effective tools for dealing with their child’sShow MoreRelatedHow Family Preservation Is A Service Help Keep Children At Home With Their Families1470 Words   |  6 Pagestheir families rather than in foster homes or institutions (p.243). This service was a reaction to the earlier practice of family breakup, which pulled children out of unfit homes (Downs et al., 2009, p. 282). 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Benefits Of Guaranteed Paid On The United States - 1944 Words

Mariah Inghram ENGL 3060 J Final Essay Katherine Berta December 8, 2016 Guaranteed Paid Maternal Leave in the United States Today there are two countries in the world that do not currently guarantee paid maternity leave for employed new mothers and/or expecting mothers, those countries are the United States and Papua New Guinea, according to the International Labour Organization, an United Nations agency (Rubin 2016). In recent years, the controversial issue of guaranteed maternal leave has been a prominent topic of debate amongst political activists and elites, particularly in the United States, where reform is both an ethical protection for employees and a feasible option for employers, but has yet to be achieved. It is this absence of policy that has been linked to significant health related issues of which does not only effect mothers, but their children as well. In addition to these adverse health impacts, it generates economic hardships to mothers and families. Thus, the consequences to mothers, families, and newborns that the absence of guaranteed paid maternal leave presents and the potential bene fits of guaranteed paid leave for these individuals as well as employers, creates a case for policy reform in this particular area that would implement such protection. Today, the United States’ policy for maternal leave remains the same as it was in 1993, when the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was passed (Rubin 2016). 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Studies also found that inadequate time away from work after giving birth spurs postpartum therefore, paid maternity leave needs to be addressed to alleviate these results since recent mothers with limited financial resources tend to return to work sooner than they should. Also, it is difficult for working mothers to juggle a demanding work environment

An Analysis of Beethoven Pathetique Sonata - 4398 Words

An application of Analysis of Beethoven’s ‘Pathetique’ piano sonata No. 8 inC minor, Op.13 with particular focus on musical features such as melody, thematic content, rhythm, form and structure, and harmony. Bent states that analysis is the means of answering the question, how does it work? According to Bent, analysis is a relatively young discipline â€Å"analysis as a pursuit in its own right became established during the 19th century† (Bent, 2006, p.13), although basic methods of analysis of music has been suggested to date back to the eighteenth century and have become a seductively compelling and important topic for music scholars over the last fifty years, and as a result, an extensive range of literature proclaims the value of†¦show more content†¦8 in C minor, Op. 13 composed in 1798 focussing on musical features such as melody, thematic content, rhythm, form and structure and harmony. This sonata has been chosen for analysis as it is the most popular Beethoven sonata within the performance circuit, as it is a well known piece worldwide. Secondly, Beethoven developed Sonata form, adding more thematic contrast and contrasting melodies reflecting his own personal st ruggles with his progressive loss of hearing and also his failures in his love life which all contributed to the passion and despair that is depicted within the sonatas during his second compositional stage in his career. Firstly, I will discuss the methods used in order to analyse the Form and Structure of the piece. The emphasis in analysis was often given to the form and structure of the piece, especially during the nineteenth century as this allows performers to gain knowledge more directly regarding the overall style of the piece. The sonata is composed in Sonata form and is separated into three movements, firstly the Grave- Allegro di molto e con brio movement, followed by the Adagio Cantabile middle movement and finally the Rondo Allegro movement. There are different meanings to the word structure in music, the first is to do with locating the different movements or the different sections of the piece and the second is to look at how the piece has been putShow MoreRelatedThe Music of Beethoven Essay1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe shift of music from Classicism to Romanticism could not have simply occurred without the many contributions brought by Ludwig van Beethoven, who was one of the most inf luential German composer and pianist of all time. And the music within his lifetime acted almost as if it was simultaneously rising, then revolutionized through Beethoven’s hands as he absorbed the classical style directly from many well-known musicians such as Mozart and Haydn and then served his audiences with vast variety kindsRead MoreThe Form and Tonal Structure of Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 8 in C Minor, Op. 13, Ii. â€Å"Adagio Cantabile†609 Words   |  3 PagesThe Form and Tonal Structure of Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor, Op. 13, II. â€Å"Adagio cantabile† March 19, 2013 Form and Analysis Many consider Ludwig Von Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor, Op. 13 as his first major musical accomplishment, more commonly known as Sonata Pathetique. Written at the age of 27 in 1798, the young composer had gained instant fame and his work was published only a year later. Beethoven, being one of the first significant musicians to work forRead MoreOn James Weldon Johnson’s â€Å"The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man†2065 Words   |  9 PagesBeethoven’s Pathetique sonata to a white Connecticut audience† (Ruotolo 252). While in Florida, Ruotolo goes on to say, the narrator gives piano lessons so that he may be able to interact with the better class of colored people in that area. Why the narrator chooses Beethoven’s Pathetique for his Connecticut audience may be explained by examining the work itself. One analysis of the structure of the music itself reveals what might be a viable reason Johnson choose this particular work: â€Å"Beethoven wroteRead MoreBiography of Ludwig Van Beethoven3909 Words   |  16 PagesCONTENTS Biographical Essay Further Readings Source Citation Updates BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY The instrumental music of the German composer Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) forms a peak in the development of tonal music and is one of the crucial evolutionary developments in the history of music as a whole. The early compositions of Ludwig van Beethoven marked the culmination of the 18th-century traditions for which Haydn and Mozart had established the great classical models, and his middle-period

Life Well-Lived Experience - 703 Words

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It has been said that you have not really died if you have lived. This theory has been applied to several pieces of literature. In the

Individual Report (50%) Free Essays

You are required to prepare a report for management, recommending that the Company enter into a new overseas market (defined as a country or large region within it) and outline the main features of the marketing plan. The new market that you recommend is your choice but it must not be one where the Company is already present. The report should be 3000 words max and the hand in date is 13th March 2013 via Blackboard before 12 noon. We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Report (50%) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Your recommendation needs to contain the following: 1 Reasons for selection of new market for entry by the Company 2.Alternative markets which were candidates and reasons not selected 3 Proposed market entry strategy, including rationale 4 Outline of recommended marketing mix. Assessment criteria * Knowledge of theory underpinning internationalisation of marketing * Demonstration of the ability to develop appropriate solutions for differing market circumstances * Evaluation of options and justification of recommendations * Use of references, and professional standard of the report The critical points to remember are: 1 Answer all 4 questions and ensure that you answer the questions stated. All questions are equally important but do not necessarily use the same number of words. Do not spend so much time on one question to the detriment of another. Use common sense. 2 The questions are interrelated and you can refer to previous sections to improve the links so that the report flows well. 3 Your marketing mix must make sense with your proposals and with the other parts of the mix. E. g. it is nonsense to suggest that a brand which is positioned as say luxury and High end utilises an everyday low value pricing strategy. Try to be succinct and do not include great parts of research reports. These should be referred to and used to support your arguments. Remember answer the question using your research and analysis not the other way around. 5 Use theory and research appropriately to support your justifications and recommendations. Suggested report structure 1 Introduction – state the company, where they operate now the new country product range/brand and outline of the report. This is very important to set the scene of the report. Do not write the history of the company. Justification for country x Using your research and analysis propose reasons for your selection of the new market to enter. A competitive analysis should be evident. Refer to appropriate theory and reference. 3 Alternative market(s) rejected – suggest markets that were considered and justify why they were not as suitable Refer to appropriate theory and reference. 4 Market entry strategy Propose your market entry strategy which must make sense with the research and analysis from section 2, the attitude towards risk of the company, and your rationale for the entry strategy. Do not just describe the entry strategy – you must justify what you propose. 5 Outline marketing mix strategy – these are your recommendations for the marketing mix with justification. You must use appropriate theory and references throughout. You should include here the brand values, positioning, segments and targets for the country you are choosing to enter and provide a justification based on theory and research. For each strategy make sure you mention whether this is a global position whether it has been standardise or adapted. Refer to appropriate theory throughout. You may use examples to illustrate your points but we do not expect a full tactical marketing mix outline i. e. messages. Product strategy – in relation to other parts of the world, product decisions e. g. full product range/limited and why. You might refer to the PLC, competitive advantage, brand position, values etc. Pricing strategy – strategy not tactical pricing/actual price for the product/service. Distribution strategy Promotions strategy – which media do you propose and why? Is it standardised or adapted? You do not need to develop advertising materials or messages. Budget not required. People – is there a service element to your product/service? Process Physical evidence You may use sub headings, diagrams, tables, graphs, as appropriate. You do not need to produce an executive summary. You do need a contents page, page numbers, section headings and reference list. Mistakes from last year 1 Reports were unbalanced – so much time spent on the first questions that the subsequent sections suffered. Missing references throughout the report and use of non credible sources. 3 Lack of International marketing theory. Too much use of very basic marketing theory and textbooks. You must use and International marketing text and appropriate reading. 4 Descriptive PESTLs with no analysis and not used throughout the report. Your research is to be used to justify your decisions. 5 Marketing mix were lists of suggestions with no justification. They must be linked to the PESTL analysis, research and theory and justified. Jacqueline Lynch February 2013 How to cite Individual Report (50%), Papers

Choices free essay sample

First day of kindergarten, crying toddlers everywhere begging for their parents to never leave their side, stressed out teachers trying to please everybody, trails of goldfish crumbs are found in every corner, and all you can do is hope for the best. Well as I look back on this first day of kindergarten, I realize that it was one of the most important days of my life, this is because it was the day of my first piano lesson, the one I had the choice to attend. After one of the longest days ever, I finally get into my car and leave Washington Charter School. I was quiet on the way home, I felt tired from crying so much, I was quite the wimp in elementary school. Well, it so happens that as soon as I get home, my mom announces she has a â€Å"surprise† for me. I eagerly asked her what it was, only to find that it was in fact my first, ever, piano lesson. We will write a custom essay sample on Choices or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unfortunately, when I found out that I was going to have a piano lesson, I was in a horrible mood, and really, really didn’t want to go. I begged my mom to let me stay at home, I cried even more, which got me a massive headache. I kicked, screamed, did everything I could to get out of that lesson, luckily, my mom would not change her mind, and was determined to get me to that lesson. Although I made the choice to take piano lessons the previous month, I had no idea it would be the very first day of school, not to mention unannounced until the day of. I decided this when I attended a piano recital with my mom. At this recital 14 people played, from the ages of 7-17. They all played classical pieces, of a very high difficultly level compared to their age, but they all played easily as if it was a piece of cake. I was immediately mesmerized by their ability to perform with such easy, and afterwards asked my mom to sign me up for lessons. Ever since that day, piano has been a hobby of mine, also a social tool, and a â€Å"getaway† when I feel like I need a break. It was definitely the best, and one of the most significant choices I have ever made.